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Producing X-rays requires that thermionically emitted electrons be accelerated from the cathode to the anode.
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Atoms in the coil do not have unoccupied low energy levels for emitted electrons to transition to.Thermionically emitted electrons are no longer bound to atoms after they are emitted, so they do not transition to an energy level of any atom.X-ray production due to electron ejection requires electrons to be ejected from low energy levels of atoms.
#THE RAYS PRODUCED IN A CATHODE TUBE ARE FREE#
The ejection of free electrons from the coil is not, It has been stated that X-ray production can be induced by the ejection of electrons from atoms. This is called thermionic emission, as it is the process of ionization of atoms by the thermal motion of free electrons. In a coil that is at a sufficiently great temperature, some of the free electrons in the coil have sufficiently great velocities that they areĮjected from the coil. The thermionic potential difference provides energy to the coil that is dissipated within the coil, increasing the temperature of the coil. The coil is also connected to a second potential difference, called the thermionic potential difference. The Cathode of the Coolidge tube is a coil. This potential difference is called the acceleration potential To produce a potential difference across a cathode and an anode within a vacuum. The basic principle of a Coolidge tube is, therefore, Of the electron energy levels of a tungsten atom.Ī Coolidge tube contains an anode and a cathode that are within an evacuated vessel. The following figure shows the basic structure We see from this that an atom of an element with many electrons is required so that some of the electrons have enough energy to produceĪn X-ray photon when they transition to a low energy.Įlements such as tungsten, rhodium, and molybdenum are used to produce X-ray photons. This means that to produce even the lowest energy of an X-ray photon, a larger energy change is needed than is possible for a hydrogen atom. The energy needed to remove an electron from a hydrogen atom is only 2. J s H z k g m s s s k g m s J To produce an X-ray photon with a frequency of 3 × 1 0 Hz, Where ℎ is the Planck constant and ? is the frequency of the photon. The energy of the wave can be modeled as the energy of a photon, in which case this relationship is expressed as Where ? is the energy of the waves and Δ ? is the difference in energy between the higher energy level It emits electromagnetic waves with an energy equal to the difference between the energies of the higher level and the lower level. When an electron transitions from an energy level to a lower energy level, X-rays are electromagnetic waves, specifically with frequencies, ?, given by the rangeįor electrons within atoms, an electron decreases in energy by emitting electromagnetic radiation.Įlectrons in atoms have specific energies, which are termed energy levels. When the energy of such a particle decreases, one way that the energy can be transferred from the particle is as the energy of electromagnetic waves, X-rays are produced by decreasing the energy of charged particles.Īn electrically charged particle that is moving has an associated kinetic energy.
#THE RAYS PRODUCED IN A CATHODE TUBE ARE HOW TO#
In this explainer, we will learn how to describe the production of X-rays using an X-ray tube and how the spectrum of X-rays produced can vary.